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- Sales Rank: #6817302 in Books
- Published on: 1974
- Binding: Paperback
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THE COMPELLING BOOK THAT LAUNCHED THE “SECOND WAVE” OF FEMINISM
By Steven H Propp
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (1908-1986), was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist, who was closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre and Existentialism. She wrote many books, such as The Mandarins ; She Came to Stay; The Woman Destroyed; The Ethics Of Ambiguity; Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter); The Prime of Life; Force of Circumstance); All Said and Done; Adieux: A Farewell to Sartre; Wartime Diary, etc.
She wrote in the Introduction to this 1949 book, “For a long time I have wanted to write a book on woman… Enough ink has been spilled in the quarreling over feminism, now practically over, and perhaps we should say no more about it… however… the voluminous nonsense uttered during the last century seems to have done little to illuminate the problem… first we must ask: what is a woman?... If her functioning as a female is not enough to define woman, if we decline to explain her through the ‘eternal feminine’… then we must face the question: what is a woman?.. [In the Book of Genesis] ‘humanity is male and man defines woman not in herself but as relative to him; she is not regarded as an autonomous being… She is defined and differentiated with reference to man and not he with reference to her; she is the incidental, the inessential as opposed to the essential. He is the Subject, he is the Absolute---she is the Other.” (Pg. xv-xix)
She continues, “what peculiarly signalizes the situation of woman is that she---a free and autonomous being like all human creatures---nevertheless finds herself living in a world where men compel her to assume the status of the Other. They… doom her to immanence since her transcendence is to be overshadowed and forever transcended by another ego… How can a human being in woman’s situation attain fulfillment? What roads are open to her? Which are blocked? How can independence be recovered as a state of dependency? What circumstances limit women’s liberty and how can they be overcome? These are the fundamental questions on which I would fain throw some light… I shall describe the world in which women must live; and thus we shall be able to envisage the difficulties in their way as, endeavoring to make their escape from the sphere hitherto assigned them, they aspire to full membership in the human race.” (Pg. xxxiii-xxxiv)
Book One (“Facts and Myths”) deals with biology, psychoanalysis, Marxism [“Historical Materialism”], history, myths and literature. Book Two (“Woman’s Life Today”) covers childhood; the young girl; sexual initiation; the lesbian; the married woman; the mother; social life; prostitutes; maturity to old age; the Narcissist; the woman in love; the mystic; before concluding with a chapter on “The Independent Woman.”
She suggests, “The devaluation of woman represents a necessary stage in the history of humanity, for it is not upon her positive value but upon man’s weakness that her prestige is founded. In woman are incarcerated the disturbing mysteries of nature, and man escapes her hold when he frees himself from nature. It is the advance from stone to bronze that enables him through his labor to gain mastery of the soil and to master himself.” (Pg. 84; Bk I, V)
She observes, “When they revered the Goddess Mother, it was because they feared Nature… then it became the conflict between family and State that defined woman’s status; the Christian’s attitude toward God, the world, and his own flesh was reflected in the situation to which he consigned her… it was the social regime founded on private property that entailed the guardianship of the married woman, and it is the technological evolution accomplished by men that has emancipated the women of today… Feminism itself was never an autonomous movement: it was in part an instrument in the hands of politicians, in part an epiphenomenon reflecting a deeper social drama.” (Pg, 144-145; Bk I, VIII)
She points out, “Man has succeeded in enslaving woman; but in the same degree he has deprived her of what made her possession desirable. With woman integrated in the family and in society, her magic is dissipated rather than transformed; reduced to the condition of servant, she is no longer that unconquered prey incarnating all the treasures of nature.” (Pg. 211; Bk I, IX)
She begins Book II with the book’s famous statement: “One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman. No biological, psychological, or economic fate determines the figure that the human female presents in society; it is civilization as a whole that produces this creature, intermediate between male and eunuch, which is described as feminine. Only the intervention of someone else can establish an individual as the OTHER.” (Pg. 301, Bk II, XII)
Of the married woman, she comments, “Save during the brief flare of an amorous passion, two individuals cannot constitute a world that protects each of them against the world: this is what they both realize the day after their marriage…. Difference in sex often implies differences in age, education, situation, which allow of no real mutual understanding: intimates, the two are yet strangers.” (Pg. 513, Bk II, XVI)
She notes, “There is an extravagant fraudulence in the easy reconciliation made between the common attitude of contempt for women and the respect shown for mothers. It is outrageously paradoxical to deny woman all activity in public affairs, to shut her out of masculine careers, to assert her incapacity in all fields of effort, and then to entrust to her the most delicate and the most serious undertaking of all: the molding of a human being… They are permitted to play with toys of flesh and blood.” (Pg. 584, Bk II, XVII)
She asserts, “It is understandable… that woman takes exception to masculine logic. Not only is it inapplicable to her experience, but in his hands, as she knows, masculine reasoning becomes an underhand form of force; men’s undebatable pronouncements are intended to confuse her… And so, annoyed, he will accuse her of being obstinate and illogical; but she refuses to play the game because she knows the dice are loaded.” (Pg. 680-681, Bk II, XXI)
She states, “On the day when it will be possible for woman to love not in her weakness but in her strength, not to escape herself but to find herself, not to abase herself but to assert herself---on that day love will become for her, as for man, a source of life and not of mortal danger. In the meantime, love represents in its most touching form the curse that lies heavily upon woman confined in the feminine universe, woman mutilated, insufficient unto herself.” (Pg. 742-743, Bk II, XXIII)
She summarizes, “The free woman is just being born… It is not sure that her ‘ideational worlds’ will be different from those of men, since it will be through attaining the same situation as theirs that she will find emancipation; to say in what degree she will remain different, in what degree these differences will retain their importance---this would be to hazard bold predictions indeed. What is certain is that hitherto women’s possibilities have been suppressed and lost to humanity, and that it is high time she be permitted to take her chances in her own interest and in the interest of all.” (Pg. 795, Bk II, XXV)
Beauvoir was a true “pioneer”; modern American feminists are sometimes disappointed in her actual opinions [e.g., see her conversation with Betty Friedan in It Changed My Life; not to mention her lifelong deferential attitude toward Sartre]. However, if one bears in mind that book was published shortly after the Second World War, its revolutionary nature is astounding. It remains absolutely “must reading” not just for feminists (whether Second Wave, Third Wave, or beyond), but for anyone wanting to read a vast, comprehensive and well-argued analysis of the nature of women.
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